Regardless of the presumed magnitudes of the fields in mass spectrometry, an electron orbiting in a magnetic field signifies a definite balance, primarily between the angular momentum vector and the opposing magnetic moment and not their absence as proposed by quantum mechanics. The potential source is understood to be magnetic and the mechanical angular momentum vector of the electron is guaranteed to be the same magnitude by the Bohr equivalence (e² = m_ov²r). where e is the electron charge, m_o is the electron mass v, the velocity and r , the radius of orbit.

Symmetry requires an opposing radial force since both field and particle are in motion. Since the Coulomb and mechanical forces cannot represent a combined attraction or a combined repulsion, the problem is resolved. As a condition of orbit, the momentum of the central source and of the orbiting electron must be equal. If an infinite source or no source is assumed, the source velocity is zero and equilibrium is nullified. The Coulomb interaction currently has the trivial dimensions,

½e²/r – e²/r = - e²/2r (1)

The combined energy (particle and field source; circular orbit) equation according to classical mechanics and the conservation of energy is,

(½V²m_em_p)/(m_e + m_p) - (Im_em_p/r) = - Im_em_p/2r (2)

where m_e and m_p are electron and proton masses, r = radius, V = combined speeds, and I = the proportional constant.

There is a direct correspondence between Coulomb and mechanical configurations. Current theory identifies mass as the inertia of the field, and also a component of the kinetic energy of the Coulomb attraction. The inertia of mass can only be attributed to the electric field. This effectively posits the existence of dual states of particle-field/anti-particle-field equivalence whose existence becomes evident only through the application of external force. With respect to the ground state of a hydrogen atom, equilibrium (free-fall) is the fundamental attribute. This resolves the question of action-at-a-distance, the absence of radiation, and the need for an initial momentum for orbit. However, no indication of quantum effects is yet evident.

Equal forces in direct opposition are equivalent to no force. Only perturbations and secondary effects would be measurable by experiment. Any deviation from equilibrium would entail a change of state subject to the second law of mechanics. A displacement at the point of perturbation would be evident at every juncture as an increase in potential. The subsequent release of energy (radiation) would be analogous to that of tension in a spring. The disturbance will propagate throughout the system at light speed.

The duality identifies inertia (that which is inert) as a property of the constants, mass and charge. Collectively, the theory identifies fields and matter coincident with anti-fields and anti-matter (charge) comprising an antithetical whole for each particle. Note that anti-matter denotes the absence of matter and not the presence of an equivalent particle with reverse charge. The problem of the balance of matter and antimatter is completely resolved by this interpretation.

Kinetic energy varies directly with relative motion, as does magnetism in the reverse sense of the above. Potential is the direct result of acceleration and is retained until deceleration, then released at light speed as radiation. This identifies magnetic and kinetic effects as opposing pairs. It also identifies potential as a property of the object. Fig. 1 represents a two dimensional analogy of this. In an orbital system, the cube of the space (volume) is divided by the square (surface) of the time. Equally, charge [e²] is a cube as can be deduced by any metric conversion, this identifies magnetism as the time correlate. The force of a magnetic dipole varies by the cube of the distance. Clearly, the formulation must be the same for both the electrostatic and mechanical configurations, although the magnitudes may vary.

Potential may transfer to another particle or convert incrementally to matter on impact. The latter requires the presence of a sufficient, mass/charge to effect a permanent transfer. Any interaction below the unit threshold is subject to decay. The co-existent dual states provide an ontological basis for the conservation laws and specifically exclude the possibility of any unilateral force such as gravity. Of further significance is that three-dimensional configurations must rotate through a fourth dimension for coincidence.

The coincidence of the electrostatic and the mechanical indicate that the proton must occupy one focus of an orbital ellipse and the electric charge must occupy the other. The antithetical counterpart is a hyperbolic configuration and the transfer of energy from one to the other is identified in the parabolic configuration of the equations of transfer. The intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron is greater than the proton by their mass ratio and would serve as the nucleus of the inverse configuration. The equilibrium in this configuration is no doubt the foundation for the regularity in orbits and of quantum states in general.